Appendix D
Overview of completed and ongoing NATO missions employing police capabilities
| Explanatory notes: | |
| Tasks: | |
| M | Monitoring the implementation of an agreement. This task, when mandated to a certain mission, was/is not necessarily performed by UN police within the mission. The other task categories apply specifically to the police personnel in a mission. |
| S | Substitution (interim administration with executive powers) |
| O | Operations/ Operational support to host state police (e.g. executive policing, riot control, maritime or border security assistance, anti-trafficking operations, protection of civilians) |
| T/R | Training/Reforming (advising, mentoring, SSR, etc.) |
| SSR: | Security Sector Reform |
| DDR: | Disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration |
| RoL: | Development Law Enforcement sector |
| SFA: | Security Forces Assistance |
| Personnel: | Maximum realised international staff |
| Police staff: | Ongoing and completed NATO Missions employing police capabilities, running from 2000 onwards |
| Ongoing and completed OSCE field operations with police staff, running from 2000 onwards | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mission (Country) | Tasks (relevant for this report) | Personnel | Police staff1 | Duration |
| IFOR (BiH) | SSR: Support to DDR and support to RoL | 60,000 | 12/1995 – 12/1996 | |
| SFOR (BiH) | SSR: Support to DDR and support to RoL | 32,0002 | 12/1996 - 12/2004 | |
| KFOR (Kosovo) |
SSR: DDR, SFA, and support to RoL3 S, O, T/R, M |
5,0004 | 6/1999 – present | |
| Essential Harvest (FYROM) | SSR: Support to DDR | 4,8005 | 8/2001 - 10/2001 | |
| Allied Harmony (FYROM) | SSR: SFA6 | 450 | 12/2002 - 4/2003 | |
| ISAF (Afghanistan) |
SSR: SFA7, RoL (S), O, T/R |
130,0008 87,000 |
8/20039 - 12/2014 | |
| NTM-I (Iraq) |
SSR: SFA10 T/R |
Appr. 200 | Appr. 6011 | 8/2004 - 12/2011 |
| Resolute Support (Afghanistan) |
SSR: SFA12, RoL O, T/R |
13,500 | 1/2015 – present | |
Sources: websites of NATO HQ, NATO ACO, NATO ACT, specific missions, and other open sources.
NATO does not specifically ask for certain personnel for its missions and does not register data on the specific filling of posts in missions as far as the background nature of the personnel is concerned. Therefore, it is not possible to specify how many police or gendarmerie staff NATO has deployed in its missions.
At the start (1997); at the end, when handed over to the EU in December 2004, the total strength was approx. 7,000.
From 1999 – 2008 KFOR’s main effort was sustaining a safe and secure environment, already being involved in SFA. From 2008 onwards KFOR has conducted SFA to the Kosovo Security Force (a paramilitary force responsible for security tasks that are not appropriate for regular police). KFOR assists in the RoL programs and in DPRE relocation, and has tasks with regard to security & public order, security of ethnic minorities, protection of patrimonial sites, and border security.
KFOR had 50,000 troops at its height, slimming down to 14,000 in 2008. Currently approximately 5,000.
The force was planned to be 3,500 troops, but countries offered higher contributions than estimated up front.
Subtask area: Advise
ISAF transformed over the years from ‘security provider’ to security provider & SFA performer, conducting SFA along the US concept of OTERA (organise, train, equip, [re-]build, advice & assist) for the subtask areas. As of 6/2013 the balance of effort was reversed, ISAF became firstly SFA performer, but remained to be a back-up security provider. Of OTERA, the T and A&A have been continued until 12/2014, but from the 2nd quarter of 2014 with the focus narrowing to selected strategic functions (Functionally Based SFA).
At its height after the 2009 personnel surge in order to break Taliban insurgency momentum. In 2013 this was back to approximately 87,000 troops, with a planned and phased further redeployment of troops starting in 2014 towards the end date of ISAF.
ISAF was under NATO command from 6/2003, but the international mission started in 12/2001
Subtask areas Train, Mentor, and Advise, and some Enable (training-, instruction-, and education-materiel). NTM-I was in essence a train-the-trainers mission.
These were provided by Italy, delivered from their gendarmerie Force, the ‘Carabinieri’. Their specific task within NTM-I was the training of the Iraqi Police - as opposed to the other contingents that for the largest part dealt with training of the Iraqi Armed Forces.
Subtask areas Train, Advise, and Assist. The Resolute Support Mission builds on ISAF’s last phase.