Disclaimer: The research for and production of this report has been conducted within the PROGRESS research framework agreement. Responsibility for the contents and for the opinions expressed, rests solely with the authors and does not constitute, nor should be construed as, an endorsement by the Netherlands Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Defence.

About the authors

Dick Zandee is Head of the Security Unit and Senior Research Fellow at the Clingendael Institute. His research focuses on European security and defence issues, EU-NATO, military forces and capability development, defence industry and other security topics.

Sico van der Meer is a Research Fellow at the Clingendael Institute. His research focuses on non-conventional weapons such as Weapons of Mass Destruction (nuclear, chemical, biological) and cyber weapons from a strategic policy perspective.

Adája Stoetman is Junior Researcher at the Security Unit of the Clingendael Institute. Her research focusses both on security and defence as well as strategic foresight. Her area of expertise is international security, with a specific interest in European defence cooperation.

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