AfricaNews. 2017. ‘Sudan: 115 Migrants Intercepted in Northern Border with Libya’, 9 January. link
Akkerman, M. 2018. Expanding the Fortress: The policies, the profiteers and the people shaped by the EU’s border externalisation programme, Transnational Institute and Stop Wapenhandel .
Al-Intibaha. 2016. ‘Hemmeti Asks the EU to Pay a “Ransom” in Order to Protect It from Human Trafficking’ [in Arabic], 31 August.
Altai Consulting. 2018. Migrations mixtes au Tchad, report for UNHCR, January.
Amnesty International. 2013. Egypt/Sudan: refugees and asylum-seekers face brutal treatment, kidnapping for ransom and human trafficking.
Amnesty International. 2018. ‘Niger: More than a hundred Sudanese nationals deported to Libya in critical situation and at risk of serious abuses including torture’, press release, 11 May.
Anacko, M. 2017. ‘Communiqué de Presse sur la Situation des Migrants dans la Région d’Agadez’. Le Président du Conseil Régional. 30 June.
ANSA. 2017. ‘Italy weighing military collaboration with Chad and Niger’, Info Migrants, 4 September. link
Baldo, S. 2017. Border Control from Hell: How the EU's migration partnership legitimizes Sudan's "militia state", Enough, April. link
Baldo, S. 2017. Ominous Threats Descending on Darfur, Enough, November, 11. link
Chandler, C. 2018. ‘Inside the EU’s flawed $200 million migration deal with Sudan’, IRIN, 30 January. link
Council of the European Union. 2017. ‘Migration: state of play and next steps − Exchange of views’, Note, 6 September.
Dabanga. 2017. ‘26 dead as Sudanese militia, human traffickers clash’, 24 September. link
Dabanga. 2018. ‘MP: RSF “illegally confiscated 321 vehicles” in North Darfur-Libya area’, 15 March. link
Davitti, D. and Ursu, A.-E. 2018. ‘Why Securitising the Sahel Will Not Stop Migration’, University of Nottingham, Human Rights Law Centre. FMU Policy Brief No 02/2018 (10 January). link
European Commission. 2016. ‘L'Union européenne renforce son soutien au Niger avec 609.9 millions d'euros’. Press release, 15 December.
European Commission. 2017. ‘EU actions on Migration in Sudan’, 11 October. link
European Commission. 2018. ‘EU development cooperation with Sudan’, January. link
HALCIA (Haute Autorité [nigérienne] de Lutte contre la Corruption et les Infractions Assimilées). 2013. Rapport de Mission sur les Pratiques Corruptives dans la Région d’Agadez.
Hoffmann, A., Meester, J. and Nabara, H. M. 2017. Migration and Markets in Agadez. Economic Alternatives to the Migration Industry, CRU Report, The Hague, Clingendael. link
IOM (International Organization for Migration). 2016. ‘Statistical Report, Niger Flow Monitoring Points (FMP),’ December.
IOM. 2017. ‘IOM Niger: Search and Rescue Missions. Migrant Resource and Response Mechanisms’ , August.
IOM. 2018. ‘Points de suivi des flux de population, Situation Migratoire au Nord du Tchad, Dashboard#12, janvier-mars 2018.’
IOM. 2018. ‘Mobilités au Tchad: Infographies des mobilités sur le territoire tchadien’, May.
Jaspars, S. and Buchanan-Smith, M. Forthcoming. ‘Migration and Displacement from Darfur: conflict, livelihoods and food security.’
Kingsley, P. 2018. ‘By Stifling Migration, Sudan’s Feared Secret Police Aid Europe’, The New York Times, 22 April. link
Malik, N. 2016. ‘Bachir comes in from the cold’, Foreign Policy, 31 July.
Mann, I., Moreno-Lax V. and Shatz O. 2018. ‘Time to Investigate European Agents for Crimes against Migrants in Libya,’ EJIL: Talk!, 29 March.
Marsden, R. 2015, ‘The migration crisis and the Horn of Africa: The Khartoum Process’, Confrontations Europe la Revue, No 111. link
MMC (Mixed Migration Center). 2018. Fraught with Risk: Protection concerns of people on the move across West Africa and Libya, May.
Molenaar, F. et al. 2017. A Line in the Sand: Roadmap for Sustainable Migration Management in Agadez, CRU Report, The Hague, Clingendael. link
Molenaar, F., Ursu, A.-E. and Tinni, B. A. 2017. Local Governance Opportunities for Sustainable Migration Management in Agadez, CRU Report, The Hague, Clingendael. link
Morgan, H. 2017. ‘Sudan's RSF unit accused of abuses against migrants’, Aljazeera, 17 November. link
La Nation. 2017. ‘Migration : 163.000.000 FCFA pour la reconversion’, 21 June.
OFPRA (Office français de Protection des Réfugiés et Apatrides). 2017. A l’écoute du monde, rapport d’activité2017. link
Rame, S. 2018. ‘Migranti, Salvini vola a Tripoli: "Hotspot ai confini esterni della Libia"’, Il Giornale. 25 June. link
REACH and UNHCR. 2018. ‘Mixed migration routes and dynamics in Libya: The impact of EU migration measures on mixed migration in Libya’, April.
Reidy, E. 2018. ‘Destination Europe: Deportation’. IRIN, 5 July. link
République du Niger. ‘Loi 2015-36 Relative au Trafic Illicite de Migrants’ (Law Against the Illicit Trafficking of Migrants).
Reuters. 2016. ‘Niger Tells Europe it Needs 1 Billion Euros to Fight Illegal Migration’. 3 May. link
RFI (Radio France Internationale) . 2018. ‘L'Italie Veut Envoyer des Soldats au Niger, Refus de Niamey’, 26 January. link
RFI. 2018. ‘‘A Agadez, on est passé de 350 migrants par jour à 100 par semaine’,’ 23 May. link
RFI. 2018. ‘Sécurité: accord de coopération entre le Tchad, le Soudan, la Libye et le Niger’, 2 June. link
RFI. 2018. 'Tales of slavery and torture for Darfuri refugees in Chad who have nowhere to go', 8 August. link
RMMS (Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat). 2014. Going West: contemporary mixed migration trends from the Horn of Africa to Libya & Europe.
Siegfried, K. 2017. ‘Exclusive: EU migrant policy in Africa built on incorrect Niger data’. IRIN. 31 January. link
Sudan Tribune. 2016. ‘Lifting Sudan’s sanctions is prerequisite to halt human trafficking – militia leader’, 8 October. link
Sudan Tribune. 2017. ‘Tribal tensions in N. Darfur after killing of human traffickers by RSF militias’, 25 September. link
Tinti, P. and Westcott, T. 2016. ‘The Niger-Libya corridor. Smugglers’ perspectives,’ Institute for Security Studies.
Toaldo, M. 2017. ‘The EU Deal with Libya on Migration: A Question of Fairness and Effectiveness,’ ECFR (European Council on Foreign Relations). 14 February. link
Tubiana, J. 2011. Renouncing the Rebels: Local and Regional Dimensions of Chad Sudan Rapprochement, HSBA Working Paper No. 25, Geneva, Small Arms Survey, March. link
Tubiana, J. 2017. ‘Europe’s “Migrants Hunters”’, Foreign Affairs, 31 August. link
Tubiana, J. 2017. Remote-control Breakdown: Sudanese Paramilitary Forces and Pro-government Militias, HSBA Issue Brief No. 27, Geneva, Small Arms Survey, April. link
Tubiana, J. and Debos, M. 2017. Déby’s Chad: Political Manipulation at Home, Military Intervention Abroad, Challenging Times Ahead, Peaceworks No. 136, Washington, DC, USIP. link
Tubiana, J. and Gramizzi, C. 2017. Tubu Trouble: State and Statelessness in the Chad–Sudan–Libya Triangle, HSBA Working Paper No 43, Geneva, Small Arms Survey and Conflict Armament Research, June. link
Tubiana, J. and Gramizzi, C. Forthcoming. Lost in TransNation: Tubu (Teda) and Other Armed Groups and Smugglers on Libya’s Southern Borders, Small Arms Survey and Conflict Armament Research.
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), IMPACT (Impact Initiatives) and Altai Consulting. 2017. Mixed Migration Trends in Libya: Changing Dynamics and Protection Challenges, 29. link
UNSC (United Nations Security Council). 2017. Final Report of the Panel of Experts on the Sudan Established Pursuant to Resolution 1591 (2005), S/2017/1125 of 28 December. link
UNSC. 2018. Interim report of the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) concerning Libya, leaked document seen by the authors.
Ursu, A.-E. 2018. ‘Nothing new under the Sahelian Sun’, The Hague, Clingendael. link
Young, H. et al. 2005. Darfur – Livelihoods under Siege. Medford, MA, Feinstein International Center, Tufts University, June.
Young, H. et al. 2009. Livelihoods, Power and Choice: The Vulnerability of the Northern Rizaygat, Medford: Feinstein International Center.
Zandonini, G. 2018. ‘The Monday that changed migration in Niger’, OpenMigration, 15 January. link
Zandonini, G. 2018. ‘The new European border between Niger and Libya’, OpenMigration, 11 May. link
Zandonini, G. and Howden, D. 2018. ‘Niger: Europe’s Migration Laboratory’, Refugees Deeply, 22 May. link
Zelin, A. 2018. The Others: Foreign Fighters in Libya, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.