Disclaimer: The research for and production of this report have been conducted within the PROGRESS research framework agreement. Responsibility for the contents and for the opinions expressed, rests solely with the authors and does not constitute, nor should be construed as, an endorsement by the Netherlands Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Defence.

About the authors

Niels Drost is a Research Fellow at the Security Unit and the Russia & Eastern Europe Centre (CREEC) of the Clingendael Institute. His research focuses on contemporary politics and security issues in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia.

Giulia Cretti is a Research Associate at the EU & Global Affairs Unit of the Clingendael Institute. Her work revolves around EU policy-making and external action, in particular green trade and energy diplomacy.

Babette van Giersbergen is a Research Assistant at the Security Unit and the Russia & Eastern Europe Centre (CREEC) of the Clingendael Institute.