The R-phase of DDR processes: An overview of key lessons learned

In this research paper, Leontine Specker provides a mapping of lessons learned and practical experiences of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) processes based on main reviews and evaluation documents. The issues addressed relate to DDR processes as a whole, but pay specific attention to the R-phase. The paper has been commissioned by Peacebuilding and Stabilization Unit (PSU) of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) and constitutes Phase I of a larger research project on the R-phase.

The main research questions addressed in the paper are: How is the R-phase defined by various policy makers, i.e. conceptually, what are the different levels of ambition and expectations of policy makers of the R-phase? What are the main practical experiences (positive and negative) as indicated by key evaluation and review documents of DDR processes, specifically in relation to the R-phase?

Experience over the years has indicated that (long-term) reintegration of demobilized ex-combatants remains a challenge. Reintegration largely depends on two factors: 1) the trust of ex-combatants in the (political) process; and 2) the presence of economic alternatives. DDR is fundamentally political in character and should be seen as part of a broader integrated approach to reconstruction processes, including security, governance, political and developmental aspects, requiring integrated context analyses and subsequent comprehensive strategy development. The focus of the paper is on the second aspect of reintegration, i.e. the economic context in which it takes place.