About the authors

Floor El Kamouni-Janssen is a Research Fellow at the Clingendael Conflict Research Unit. Floor's research concentrates on security and stability in the Arab region, and specifically the political economy of Libya. In her work she focuses on the policy implications of regional trends and developments including migration and human smuggling, armed group dynamics, and violent extremism.

Hamzeh Shadeedi is a Research Assistant at the Clingendael Conflict Research Unit. In this capacity, he focuses on local governance and security settlements in Libya. He also has an interest in security dynamics, political settlements and culture in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region.

Nancy Ezzeddine is a Research Assistant at the Clingendael Conflict Research Unit. She primarily contributes to the Levant research programme, seeking to identify the origins and functions of hybrid security arrangements and their influence on state performance and development. Nancy's research is characterized by a mixed-methods approach, involving both qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Photo credits

Bi'r al Ashhab, Libya
© Wikimedia Commons, Mujaddara