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  • Cover
  • Acknowledgement
  • Executive summary
  • Introduction
  • 2.
    The political context of (in)security in Libya
  • 3.
    Characteristics of security provision in Libya
  • 4.
    Key survey insights
  • 5.
    Suggestions for policy
  • Annex
  • Bibliography
  • Colophon
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Bibliography
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Al-Ameri, A., 2011. ‘The Myth of Tribal Libya’, The Guardian, link

Ali, S., A. Haftar and Salafism: A Dangerous Game, Atlantic Council, Washington, D. C., 2017, link

Al-Shadeedi, A. H., Are the next Libyan elections doomed to fail? The Clingendael Institute, The Hague, 2018, link

Al-Warfalli, A. 2017. ‘Libya’s eastern commander declares victory in battle of Benghazi’, Reuters, link

Assad, A. K., 2017. ‘Fierce clashes between anti-GNA and pro-GNA forces break out in east Tripoli’, Libya Observes, link

Bader, M. Is Local Governance in Libya the Solution? Atlantic Council, Washington, D. C., 2014, link

Cole P, and Mangan F., Tribe, Security, Justice, and Peace in Libya Today, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D. C., 2016, link

Divided We Stand: Libya’s Enduring Conflicts, Crisis Group, Brussels, 2012, link

El-Kamouni-Janssen F., and de Bruijne K. Crisis Alert 3 Entering the Lion’s Den: Local Militias and Governance in Libya, the Clingendael Institute, The Hague, 2013, link

Elmagrbi M, and Cohen J., 2017. ‘Op-Ed: An uncertain future for Libyan local governance’, Libya Herald, link

EU Emergence Trust Fund for Africa. (n.d.). Libya. Retrieved from link

Gartenstein- Ross, D. Dignity and Dawn: Libya’s Escalating Civil War, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, The Hague, 2015, link

‘Haftar announces a close full-control of all Libya’, 2017, Al-Mayadeen, link

Hatitah, A. S. 2011. ‘Libyan Tribal Map: Network of Loyalties That Will Determine Gaddafi’s Fate’, Asharq al-Awsat, link

Kalyvas, Stathis. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lacher, W. 2016. ‘Libya’s Local Elites and the Politics of Alliance Building’, Mediterranean Politics, 21(1).

Lacher W., Al-Idrissi, A. Capital of Militias: Tripoli’s Armed Groups Capture the Libyan State, Small Arms Survey, Geneva, 2018, link

Lacher, W. ‘Tripoli’s Militia Cartel: How III-Conceived Stabilisation Blocks Political Progress, and Risks Renewed War, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Berlin, 2018, link

Libya: Militias, Tribes and Islamists, the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague, 2014, link

McDonough, D. Reforming Libya’s Post-Revolution Security Sector: The Militias Problem, Center for Security Governance, Ontario, 2014, link

Menkhaus, K. 2007. ‘Government without Governance in Somalia Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping’, International Security, 31(3).

Molenaar, F. Why the EU Should Help Former Smugglers Get a Job, the Clingendael Institute, The Hague, 2018, link

Personal interview, Tuareg power broker, 2018. Location Withheld, 13 July.

Price, M., et al. Hustling for Security: Managing plural security in Nairobi’s poor urban settlements, Plural Security Insights, 2016, link

Price, M., et al. Plural Security Providers in Beirut, Knowledge Platform Security and the Role of Law, The Hague, 2015, link

Price, M. Setting the Aperture Wider: A Synthesis of Research and Policy Advice on Security Pluralism in Tunis, Nairobi, and Beirut, Plural Security Insights, 2016, link

Rutter, T. 2017. ‘The EU cities helping Libya’s local authorities provide vital public services’, The Guardian, link

Statement at Libya International Peace Forum, 2017, Tunis, September.

Toaldo, M., et al. A Quick Guide to Libya’s Main Players, European Council on Foreign Relations, London, 2016, link

Trading Economics. (n.d.). Libya GDP 1990-2018. Retrieved from link

UN High Commissioner for Refugees Protection Cluster. Jan-Feb 2018. Libya. Protection – Situation Overview. Retrieved from link

Van Veen, E., 2018. ‘Hybrid Security organizations in the Levant’, unpublished manuscript.

‘War in Benghazi: Deputy Interior Minister of Libya GNA vows to take on eastern strongman Haftar’, Libyan Express, 2017 link

Wehrey, F. Whoever Controls Benghazi Controls Libya, Carnegie Endowments for International Peace, Washington, D. C., 2017, link

World Bank. (n.d.). Libya. Retrieved from link


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