The survey designed for this study aimed to deliver against two objectives to complement the qualitative analysis in this report:
Municipality selection was done on the basis of:
Operationalisation of security concepts was put into place via sets of questions and indicators used to assess citizens’ perceptions of security.
| Security concept |
List of questions |
|---|---|
| General security situation in municipality |
1.
Available services and facilities
2.
Types of safety threats
3.
Feelings of safety at different times and locations
|
| Violence and protection dynamics |
1.
Main victims of violence
2.
Main perpetrators of violence
3.
Main protection providers
4.
Main groups receiving protection
|
| Security actors in the municipality |
1.
Actors in control of the municipality
2.
Actors in control of infrastructure
3.
Actors in control of law and order
4.
Trust towards different actors
5.
Protection sought from different actors
|
| Security competitiveness between actors in the municipality |
1.
Degree of competition/cooperation between different actors
2.
Frequency of confrontations between different actors
|
The survey questions were customised to reflect the local security constellation of each municipality. The lists of actors included were based on the security constellation of the municipality when the survey was conducted (mid-2017). To customise the survey for each municipality, we used a combination of literature review and desk research, and consultation with local partners from the municipality. The survey is yet to be carried out in the east of the country due to inaccessibility.
Instructions on the survey were shared with our local partners in a meeting in August 2017 in Tunis organised by Clingendael staff. The instruction workshop was followed up with a written manual and instruction videos for easy reference. Interim survey findings and experiences with the survey approach were shared and discussed in a workshop with Libyan partners in Tunis in February 2018.
The survey was conducted at household level through face-to-face interviews with a stratified convenience sample of respondents with the safety for both enumerator and respondent taken into consideration. To ensure a minimal degree of representativeness, the survey enumerators were asked to conduct surveys in four different neighbourhoods in their municipality: two neighbourhoods that were generally regarded as secure and two neighbourhoods generally regarded as insecure. In addition, enumerators were asked to select different types of respondents in each neighbourhood: at least one man and one woman, at least one young person and one elderly person, and members of all relevant ethnic groups.
All respondents were kept anonymous. Enumerators could submit the surveys through an online survey tool, audio recording or hard copy.
| Municipality |
Local partner |
Number of respondents |
Date of completion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zawiyah |
Women are Coming – Libya |
19 |
7/4/2018 |
| Tripoli |
Al Rahma |
24 |
5/2/2018 |
| Sabratha |
Brothers without Borders for Humanitarian Work |
6 |
9/3/2018 |
| Misrata |
Human Rights Organization for the Consolidation of Constitutional Justice |
28 |
20/4/2018 |
| Ghat |
Individual contractor |
12 |
15/5/2018 |
| Gharyan |
Individual contractor |
11 |
7/2/2018 |
| Ghadames |
Ghadames Youth – Ghadames Eyes Organization |
20 |
25/4/2018 |
| Aziziyah |
Individual contractor |
24 |
18/5/2018 |
* Changes in the local security situation and the (in)activity of local partners account for the differences in number of respondents between municipalities. The survey process is ongoing. Partners can continue submitting survey data, which will be uploaded to the Clingendael website.
Legends
| Name |
Description |
|---|---|
| GNA |
Armed forces strongly affiliated with the Government of National Accord. They include, among others, the Presidential Guards, Saiqa Forces and the Special Deterrence Forces. |
| LNA |
The Libyan National Army is a loose coalition of armed forces that vary in size and resources under the leadership of Major-General Khalifa Haftar. The LNA is a self-styled military force and not the nation’s regular army. |
| Security directorate |
Security directorates (mudiriyat al-aman) were established under the previous regime. They can be understood as the state’s police force. Although they are relatively weak, security directorates enjoy local legitimacy. |
| Local forces |
Forces comprised of volunteers who provide security for their own community. This category includes tribal forces and local neighbourhood watch groups. |
| Armed groups |
Armed groups (including militias) that are relatively powerful. Depending on the local context, they provide security and/or are perceived as a threat. Examples include the Zintan Military Council, Tebu Armed Groups and Tripoli Revolutionary Brigade, among many others. |
| Smuggling groups |
Armed groups whose primary activity is the smuggling of people and goods. This category includes, for example, Al-Dabashi, Al-Zawaiy and Al-Hanish groups. |
|
|
|
|---|---|
| Theft |
Crime of stealing material belongings |
| Destruction, loss |
Damaging material belongings beyond repair (including bombing) |
| Murder |
Unlawful premediated killing of human being(s) |
| Punishment of opponents |
The punishment of individuals or groups who oppose the authority of main power holder in the municipality |
| Violence against civilians |
Violence by armed actors against (a group of) unarmed civilians |
| Physical violence |
Physical injuries to the individual following situational threats |
| External threats |
Threat by armed external actors (i.e. not from the municipality) |
| Sexual abuse |
Unwanted sexual contact |